1、47语法复习八：动词时态和语态（1）一、动词的分类和形式：动词是表示动作和状态的词。动词有时态、语态和语气 3 种形式的变化。1、动词按其能否独立作谓语而分为：“谓语动词”和“非谓语动词”两种2、动词的 4 种基本形式：动词原形、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。3、动词按其构成动词词组作用分为：实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。1）实义动词分为及物动词和不及物动词。还可分为持续性动词和瞬间动词；2）连系动词有两种：一种表特征或状态，另一种表状态变化过程。4、五种不同的短语动词：1） “动词+介词” ；2） “动词+副词” ；3） “动词+副词+介词” ；4）“动词+名词（或代词）+ 介词” ；
2、5） “be+形容词（包括相当于形容词的过去分词+介词” 。二、动词的时态：1、一般现在时的用法：1）表示现在的习惯，经常发生的动作或存在的状态。2）表示主语的特征、性格和能力。3）表示客观事实或真理。4）表示按照计划安排好的将来行为。 （只限于是 go,come, leave, start, stop, be 等开始或移动意义的词。 ）2、一般过去时的用法：1）表示过去的动作或状态。2）叙述过去连续发生的事情。3）表示过去一段时间内经常发生的动作。3、一般将来时的用法：1）表示将来的动作或状态。2）表示将来的经常动作。4、现在进行时的用法：1）表示说话时正在进行的动作。2）表示现阶段正在进行
3、的动作。（说话时动作不一定进行。 ）5、过去进行进的用法：1）过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。2）表示移动的动词：come, start, stay, leave, go 等词的过去进行时可以表示过去的将来要发生的动作。 3）was going to do 可以表示在过去某一时间之后发生的动作。6、现在完成时的用法：1）表示刚刚完成的动作，常与 just 连用。2）表示过去发生而持续到现在的动作或状态，甚至延续到将来。常与 since, for 连用，但 for, since 不能与终止性的动词连用。3）表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。7、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1）现在
4、完成时与现在有联系，它表示过去的动作对现在所产生的结果、影响。一般过去时通常表示在过去某一具体时间发生的动作，与现在没什么联系。2）现在完成时表示过去延续到现在的行为；一般过去时着重过去某一时刻的某一具体动作。8、过去完成的用法：1）表示在过去某一或动作之前已经完成的动作。常与 by, before 等介词短语或一个状语从句或上下文暗示。2）表示由过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作，常和 for（有时可省去）或 since 构成的短语或 since 引导的从句连用。9、过去将来时的用法：表示对于过去某一时刻而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。练习一：动词时态与语态（1）481. Whe
5、n I saw Mary, she _ on the piano.A. is playing B. plays C. was playing D. played2. She _ the door before she goes away.A. had locked B. is locking C. has locked. D. was locking.3. A hunter is a man who _ animals.A. catch B. catches C. will catch D. was catching4. What _ if I drink this?A. happens B.
6、 is happening C. will happen D. is happened5. I will visit you if Father _ me.A. let B. lets C. is letting D. will let6. Look out! That tree _ fall down.A. is going to B. will be C. shall D. would7. My uncle _ to see me. Hell be here soon.A. comes B. is coming C. had come D. came8. They cant leave u
7、ntil they _ their work.A. did B. are doing C. have done D. has done9. “Has he seen this film?“ “ Yes. He _ it several days ago. “A. saw B. has seen C. had seen D. was seeing10. Now Mike isnt here. He _ Mr Greens. Perhaps he _ back in a few minutes.A. went to; is coming B. has gone to; will comeC. ha
8、s been to; will be D. is going to; has come11. That day he ._ his clothes before he came to see me.A. has washed B. washed C. had been washing D. was washed12. I havent finished my composition. I _ for two hours and a half.A. have written it B. have been writing itC. wrote it D. am writting it13. I
9、will take my daughter with me when I _ ShangHai,A. go to B. will go to C. have been to D. have gone to14. This bright girl _ the truth in front of the enemy.A. didnt say B. couldnt speak to C. said D. didnt tell15. The bridge which _ last year looks really beautiful.A. was built B. built C. was set
10、up D. had been built16. “ When _ school begin?“ “ Next Monday. “A. has B. does C. did D. is going to17. I will _ here till you give me some money.A. leave B. not leave C. come D. return18. I _ here since I moved here.A. will work B. worked C. work D. have been working19. Every time I _ there, I will
11、 buy him something nice.49A. went B. will go C. go D. have gone20. It was said that his father _.A. has died B. died. C. has been dead D. had died21. We wont go unless you _ soon.A. had come B. came C. will come D. come22._six years since I began studying English.A. They have been B. it is C. It was
12、 D. There are23. They _ the Summer Palace three times.A. have gone to B. have been to C. have been in D. have gone into24. “How long havent we seen each other? “Well, it _ nearly two years since we _ last. “A. is/have met B. was/had met C. is/met D. has been/had met25. “Have you seen the art exhibit
13、ion?“ “No, _ there. “A. it was not being held B. they didnt holdC. it had not held D. they were holding it26. Dont get off the bus until it _.A. stop B. will stop C. stopped D. has stopped27. “Where _ the recorder? I cant see it anywhere.“ “I _ it right here. But now its gone. “A. did you put/have p
14、ut B. have you put/putC. had you put/was putting D. were you putting/have put28. They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was 10 years since I _ a good drink.A. had enjoyed B. was enjoying C. enjoyed D. had been enjoying29. Dont come tonight. I would rather you _ tomorrow.A. come B. c
15、ame C. will come D. coming30. _ you _?A. Do/marry B. Have/married C. Have/been married D. Are/married31. When he _ all the newspapers, hell go home.A. sells B. has sold C. will have sold D. will be sold32. “This cloth _well and _ long. “Ok. Ill take it. “A. washes/lasts B. is washed/lasted C. washes
16、/is lasted D. is washing/lasting33. “Hurry up, you _ on the phone. “ “Oh, Im coming. Thank you. “A. are wanted B. are being wanted C. want D. are wanting34. I _ see you, but I didnt, for I had no time.A. had wanted to B. has wanted to C. wanted D. was wanted35. I _ in Guang Zhou for six years by thi
17、s October.A. have lived B. was living C. will be living D. shall have lived36. By this time next year he _ from the college.A. will be graduating B. should be graduatingC. will have graduated D. is graduating37. Our teacher told us that the earth _ from west to east.50A. turns B. turn C. has turned
18、D. had turned38. My brother _ while he _ his bicycle and hurt himself.A. fell/was riding B. fell/were ridingC. had fallen/rode D. had fallen/was riding39. Bill said he _ twenty-one the next year.A. was going to be B. was about to be C. could be D. was to be40. It is high time you _ in bed now.A. are
19、 B. were C. will be D. would be41. After a while an agreement _.A. was arrived at B. was arrived in C. was arrived D. has been arrived42. The air liner from Beijing _ at 3:00 p.m.A. is about to arrive B. has arrived C. arrives D. is going to arrive43._,that step is not safe!A. Look around B. Look up
20、 C. Look out D. Look down44. “Have you _ him to give up smoking?“ “No. I _, but he wouldnt listen.“A. persuaded/tried B. tried/persuaded C. tried/tried D. persuaded/persuaded45. The research laboratory is going to _ the new type of computer to use.A. take B. make C. put D. send46. I dont know when h
21、e _, but when he _, Ill let you know.A. will come/comes B. comes/will come C. comes/comes D. will come/will come47. How much do you think that vase _?A. is cost B. used C. was paid for D. cost48. I _ that he would be able to leave tomorrow, but its beginning to look diffcult.A. hope B. had hoped C.
22、hoped D. am hoping49. “Come on, Peter, I want to show you something.”“Oh, how nice of you, I _ you _ to bring me a gift.”A. never think/are going B. never thought/ were goingC. didnt think/ are going D. hadnt thought/ were going50. Its a nice flat, but it _ a proper bathroom.A. havent got B. hasnt g
23、ot C. wouldnt get D. doesnt have got51. She had a shock when she heard the news, _?A. hadnt she B. didnt she C. wouldnt she D. wont she52. This liquid _ the salt at room temperature.A. became mixed with B. was mixed byC. mixes with D. has been mixing by51动词时态和语态（2）一、时态的呼应：在复合句，从句（主要是宾语从句）中的时态，常受主句谓语
24、动词的影响，这就叫做时态的呼应，时态的呼应一般有如下的情况。1、如果主句的谓语动词为现在时态，其从句中的谓语动词应该用什么时态就用什么时态，如：She knows you have been in Beijing for five rears.2、如果主句中的谓语动词为过去时态，从句中的谓语动词就要用过去时态，但要注意到下列情况：（1）如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，从句中须用一般过去时或过去进行时，如：She said she was busy then. (2)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句中须用过去完成时，
25、如：I didnt know that she had been to London twice. (3)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之后，从句须用过去将来时，如：They didnt know when they would have a rest. (4)如果从句中说明的是一种普遍真理现象，虽然主句的谓语动词为过去时态从句中仍要用一般现在时，如：When I was a little child, my father told me that the earth is round. (5)如果从句中有表示具体过去时间的状语，虽然其谓语动词所表示的动作发生在
26、主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句仍用一般过去时，但如果该状语表示的时间不具体，则从句仍要用过去完成时，如：Tome said he was born in 1975.二、被动语态：英语动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，在被动语态的句子中，动作的执行者，一般由介词by 引起的短语来表示，如:We often help them. (主动)我们常帮助他们。They are often helped by us.(被动)他们常被我们帮助。1、被动语态各时态的形式是由助动词 be 的各时态的形式加及物动词的过去分词构成。2、被动语态
27、八种时态的用法例句:被动语态常用的八种时态的基本用法和主动语态各时态的基本用法相同，只是句中的主语不是动作的执行者，而是动作的承受者，如:(1)一般现在时：Now English is taught in all middle schools in our country. (2)一般过去时：The Great hall of the People was built in 1959. (3)一般将来时 : When will the work be finished? (4)过去将来时：He told us that the work would be finished the next d
28、ay. (5)现在进行时：Your tractor is being repaired now.(6)过去进行时：The child was being examined by the doctor when they came in. (7)现在完成时：The work hasnt been finished yet. (8)过去完成:The new plan had been carried out before the second experiment began.3、在下列情况下，一般使用被动语态：（1）当不知道动作执行者是谁或没有必要提到动作执行者时，如：Paper was fir
29、st made in China. （2）当强调或突出动作承受者的作用时，如：The new machine was invented by a 20-year-old young worker.4、由主动语态转换为被动语态的几种句型：（1）将一个句子由主动语态转换为被动语态时，可按下列步骤进行：先将主动结构的宾语改为被动结构的主语；再将主动语态动词改为被动语态动词；最后在被动语态之后加介词 by，并将主动结构的主语放在 by 之后（经常被省略） ，构成介词短语；由主动语态动词改为被动语态动词时，要注意被动语态动词中助动词 be 的各种形式变化，因为被动语态动词的不同人称和数是由助动词 be
30、不同的形式来表示的，如：Trees are planted every spring.（）如果主动语态动词后又有直接宾语，又有间接宾语，一般是将间接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将直接宾语保留在原处。如将直接宾语改为被动语52态句中的主语，将间接宾语保留在原处时，一般要在间接宾语前加介词 to 或 for，如：Grandma told me an interesting story last night.was told an interesting story last night./ An interesting story was told to me last night. （）主动语态
31、中的宾语加带有宾语补足语时，改为被动语态时，就将宾语改为主语，将宾补保留在原处，而成为被动语态句中主语的补足语了。宾补可以有下列几种情况：宾补为动词不定式，如：They asked her to sing a song. She was asked to sing a song. 在动词 make, see, hear, watch, notice 等之后，不定式的 to 在主动语态里可要省略，而被动语态里不能省，如：Tom was seen to come out of the lab.宾补为分词，如：They heard them singing at the time.They were
32、 heard singing at that time.宾补为形容词、副词、名词或介词短语，如：She kept me busy all the morning. I was kept busy all the morning.（）如果主动语态中的谓语动词为短语动词，改为被动语态时，要注意不要遗漏短语中的介词或副词，以保持短语动词的完整性，如：She always takes good care of the children. The children are always taken good care of. （）含有情态动词的动词改为被动语态时是将情态动词后面的动词原形改为被动语态，因
33、其前有情态动词，所以构成被动语态的助动词 be 就要使用原形，如：They must finish the work before Friday. The work must be finished before Friday.（）be going to, be to, used to, have to 和 had better 等结构，其作用相当于情态动词或助动词，在改为被动语态时，只需将后面的动词原形改为被动语态即可，如：The are not going to put off the football match. The football match is not going to b
34、e put off.练习二、动词时态与语态（2）53. An exhibition of paintings _ at the museum next week.A. are to be held B. is to be held C. are holding D. will hold 54. Im sorry, sir. Your recorder isnt ready yet. It _ in the factory.A. is being repaired B. is repaired C. has been repaired D. hasnt repaired 55. Every po
35、ssible means , but none prove successful.A. has tried B. has been tried C. is being tried D. tried 56. _ that they can pass the written exam this time.A. That is hoped B. It is hoped C. That hopes D. It hopes 57. My little sister has broken my watch. - My watch _ by my little sister.A. is broken B.
36、has broken C. have been broken D. has been broken58. He was cleaning his room when I entered the house.- His room _ by him when I entered the room.A. was being cleaned B. was cleaned C. was being cleaning D. has been cleaned59. I shall have Finished reading the novel by dinner time.- This novel _ re
37、ading (by me) by dinner time.A. will have finished . B. will has been finishedC. will have being finished D. will have been finished60. You ought to keep these three rooms clean. -These three rooms _ (by you).A. are oughted to keep clean B. ought to kept cleanC. ought to be kept clean D. ought to ha
38、ve been kept clean5361. You are about to write a poem, arent you? - A poem _ (by you), _ ?A. is about to be written, arent you B. is about to be writing, isnt itC. is about to be writing, arent you D. is about to be written, isnt it62. She had better leave a note to him. - A note _ to him (by her).A
39、. had better left B. had be better left C. had better be left D. had better been left63. He doesnt do his homework every day. - His homework _ by him every day.A. doesnt be done B. arent done C. dont be done D. isnt done64. We must take care of our parents when they are old. - Our parents _ when the
40、y are old.A. must be taken care B. must be took cars C. must take care of D. must be taken care of65. People look down upon him because he is a liar. - He _ because he is a liar.A. is looked down B. is looked down upon C. looks down upon D. looks down66. Father will give me a dictionary on my birthd
41、ay.- A dictionary _ me by Father on my birthday.A. shall be given to B. will give C. shall give to D. will be giving to67. We elected her leader. - She by us.A. is elected leader B. was leader elected C. was elected leader D. leader was elected68. - People who live along this road receive their mail
42、 in these boxes.- Why are all of the_? A. grey painted mailboxes B. mailboxes grey painted C. mailboxes painted grey D. painted grey mailboxes69. I saw him enter the room. - He _ the room.A. is seen enter B. is seen to enter C. was seen to enter D. was seen enter 70. The question asked by him is har
43、d _ .A. to answer B. to be answered C. to be answering D. for answer 71. How sweet the music _!A. sounds to be B. is sounded C. is sounded to be D. sounds 72. In warm weather fruit and meat _ long.A. dont keep B. cannot be kept C. are not kept D. are not keeping 73. He received a telegram _ “Mother
44、Sick.“A. written B. said C. reading D. writing 74. The classroom _ 30 feet long.A. measures B. is measured C. has D. has length 75. Do you remember _ ?A. how it is done B. it how to be done C. How is it done by D. how to do 76. to have been rich.A. They say B. It is said C. He is said D. That was sa
45、id 77. Mathematics is difficult _.A. to learn B. for learning C. to be learned D. of learning78. My hair is so long that I must go to a barbers shop and_.A. have to cut it B. have it cut C. get it to be cut D. to cut it5479. The pencil _ well.A. writes B. is written C. was written D. writing80. - I
46、cant see the blackboard very well. - Perhaps you need _.A. to examine your eyes B. to have your eyes examinedC. to have examined your eyes D. to be examined your eyes81. - Where is the coffee table? - Tom just had it _ away.A. move B. moving C. moved D. moves82. Good medicine _ to the mouth.A. tastes bitter B. tastes bitterly C. is tasted bitter D. is tasted bitterly83
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